Ngemini eyayishushu ehlotyeni lowama-2022, ndandimi ekhitshini lam elilawulwa yimozulu, ndibukele inkqubo yam ye-reverse osmosis icoca amanzi ukuya kutsho kwi-99.9% yobumsulwa. Ndaziva ndingumntu wanamhlanje kakhulu, phantse ndizikhukhumalisa. Emva koko ndakhumbula ibali endalixelelwa ngumakhulu: xa ndandikhulela emaphandleni aseTshayina, usapho lwakhe lwaluzalisa iimbiza zodongwe ngamanzi omlambo, luthulule inqwaba yamalahle kunye namaqokobhe e-oyster atyumkileyo, luze luwayeke ahlale ubusuku bonke. Ekuseni, ayeseleka.

Ndaqonda ke ngoko: asizange siyile umnqweno wamanzi acocekileyo. Sisandula ukuwaphuhlisa. Kangangeminyaka engamawaka, abantu bebecoca amanzi, besebenzisa iindlela ezazintsonkothile kakhulu ngelo xesha. Kwaye ngandlela thile, ezo ndlela zakudala zisafundisa kwixesha lethu lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

Izihluzi Zamanzi Zokuqala: Amalahle Nesanti

Iindlela zokucoca amanzi ezindala ezaziwa ngokuba zezokucoca amanzi zazilula, zintle, kwaye zisebenza kakuhle ngendlela emangalisayo. Zazingafuni mbane, azizange zivelise inkunkuma, kwaye zazisebenzisa izinto ezazizaliswa ngokulula.

I-Charcoal: Isihluzi seCarbon sokuqala

Amalahle, aveliswa kukutshiswa kweenkuni kwindawo engenaoksijini ininzi, ebesetyenziswa ukucoca amanzi ubuncinane iminyaka engama-4 000. AmaNdiya namaYiputa amandulo aqaphela ukuba ukugcina amanzi kwiimbiza zomthi ezitshisiweyo kuwenza ahlale ehlaziyekile ixesha elide.

Abazange bayiqonde isayensi, kodwa bayibonile impembelelo. Namhlanje siyazi ukuba ikhabhoni esebenzayo ifunxa izinto ezingcolisayo ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-physical adsorption, apho iimolekyuli zinamathela kwindawo enkulu, enemingxuma yekhabhoni. Igram enye yekhabhoni esebenzayo yanamhlanje inommandla ongaphezulu kweemitha zesikwere ezingama-3,000. Amalahle amandulo, nangona ayengacocwanga kangako, asebenza kumgaqo ofanayo.

Oko babengazi: Babengazi ngeebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, okanye iikhemikhali ezinyibilikisiweyo. Babesazi nje ukuba amanzi agcinwe ngamalahle anencasa engcono kwaye awabi mdaka ngokukhawuleza. Babesusa ivumba kwaye bephucula incasa, njengoko izihluzi zethu zekhabhoni zisenza namhlanje.

Isanti kunye neGravel: Isihluzi seSediment sokuqala

Imizobo yaseYiputa yowe-1500 BCE ibonisa amanzi ehluzwa ngesanti kunye negrabile. AmaRoma akha izitya zokuhlalisa ezintsonkothileyo, esebenzisa isanti kunye neegrabile ukuze asuse inkunkuma ngaphambi kokuba amanzi angene emiseleni yawo yamanzi. EIndiya, iSushruta Samhita, umbhalo wezonyango wenkulungwane yesi-6 BCE, ichaze amanzi abilayo kwaye iwahluze ngesanti kunye namalahle.

Oko babengakwazi: Ukucoca isanti kusebenza ngokubamba ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. I-biofilm eyenzeka kwiinkozo zesanti iyazigaya ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingcolisayo. Isasetyenziswa kunyango lwamanzi kamasipala nanamhlanje.

Uguquko Olubilayo

Ukubilisa amanzi bekusenziwa ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-5,000, kodwa ihlabathi lamandulo lalingayiqondi i-microbiology. Babebilisa amanzi ukuze awenze “abe lula” okanye basuse “amahlazo amabi,” kungekhona ukubulala iintsholongwane.

Kwaba ngo-1854 kuphela apho ugqirha waseBritane ogama linguJohn Snow wafumanisa ukuba amanzi angcolileyo ngumthombo wokuqhambuka kwekholera eLondon. Ukufunyanwa kwakhe kwaba lixesha elibalulekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu. Ukubilisa ngequbuliso kwaba nenjongo ecacileyo neyenzululwazi: ukubulala iintsholongwane.

Kodwa ukubilisa kunemida. Akususi nto: akukho zimbiwa, akukho zinyithi zinzima, akukho zingcolisi zeekhemikhali. Yiponi elisebenzisa iqhinga elinye. Ookhokho bethu babekhuselwe kwiintsholongwane, kodwa babesasela amanzi anokuzaliswa yi-arsenic, i-lead, okanye amanzi aphuma kwezolimo. Babengazi.

Iingcali zeAlchem ​​kunye neLitye leeNgcali

Phakathi kokuwa kweRoma kunye neRenaissance, iingcali ze-alchemist zaseYurophu zazama ukucoca amanzi njengenxalenye yokufuna kwazo "ilitye lefilosofi" kunye "neyeza lobomi." Zanyibilikisa amanzi, zafutha umphunga, zaza zadala izixhobo ezifana kakhulu nezixhobo zanamhlanje zokunyibilikisa.

Ukunyibilikisa: Ukufudumeza amanzi ukuze abe ngumphunga nokuwaphinda abe lulwelo kususa phantse yonke into—iiminerali, iikhemikhali, iintsholongwane. AmaGrike amandulo ayesazi ngokunyibilikisa, kodwa yayizizazi ze-alchemist zama-Arabhu ezaziyihluza. Kwinkulungwane yesi-8, uJabir ibn Hayyan wachaza iindlela zokunyibilikisa iziqholo namayeza, ephawula ukuba amanzi acocekileyo ayecocekile kakhulu.

Kodwa ukucoca nge-distillation bekucotha, kudinga amandla amaninzi, kwaye akusebenzi kumakhaya. Kwahlala kuyinto enomdla elabhoratri kangangeenkulungwane.

Ukufunyanwa Okukhulu: Ubomi beMicroscopic

Inkulungwane ye-17 yazisa imakroskopu, kunye nayo, isityhilelo esinzulu. U-Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, isazinzulu saseDatshi, wajonga amanzi emvula ngeelensi zakhe ezenziwe ekhaya waza wabona ihlabathi elizele zizidalwa ezincinci. Wayengazi ukuba ziintsholongwane, kodwa wayesazi ukuba ziyaphila.

Olu phando lwatshintsha incoko: amanzi ayengengomchiza nje kuphela; yayiyindawo yokuhlala. Ingcamango yokuba ukusela amanzi kunokuba ngumjelo wezifo yayisaphikiswana—ingcamango yesifo yayingamkelekanga ngokubanzi de kwaba sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19—kodwa ukurhanelwa kwatyalwa.

Ixesha Lanamhlanje: Ukucoca Kuba Yimizi-mveliso

Inkulungwane ye-19 yayilixesha lokucocwa kwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso. ILondon yakha izihluzi zesanti ezinkulu. IParis yongeza ukujiya (iikhemikhali kwiinxalenye ze-clump). Isityalo sokuqala se-chlorination samanzi sikamasipala saqala ukusebenza ngo-1908 eMelika.

Ukufunyanwa ngengozi: Ukufunyaniswa kwe-chlorine phantse kwaba ngengozi. Kwakwaziwa ukuba i-chlorine yayibulala iintsholongwane, kodwa akukho mntu wayizamayo ngobukhulu bayo. Ngo-1908, inkampani yamanzi yaseNew Jersey, ifuna ukulawula ukuqhambuka kwe-typhoid, yaqala ukongeza i-bleach emanzini. Yasebenza. Ngo-1920, ukufunyaniswa kwe-chlorine kwakuxhaphakile, kwaye izifo ezibangelwa ngamanzi zancipha.

Kodwa i-chlorination yeza neendleko. Le khemikhali inye eyabulala iintsholongwane ikwadale neemveliso zokubulala iintsholongwane (ii-DBP), kuquka ii-trihalomethanes (ii-THM), ekucingelwa ukuba zibangela umhlaza. Namhlanje, unyango lwamanzi lukamasipala lulinganisa isidingo sokubulala iintsholongwane ngokuchasene nomngcipheko we-DBP. Lutshintsho oluqhubekayo.

Ingxaki yeNtlalo-ntle

Nantsi into endiyifumana imangalisa: iindlela zookhokho bethu, nangona zazilula, zazijongana neengxaki ezininzi esijongene nazo namhlanje.

Asikayitshintshi ngokupheleleyo iseti yezisombululo. Sisandula ukwenza izixhobo zibe luncedo ngakumbi, zibe lula ngakumbi, kwaye zibe zenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo.

Ziziphi Iindlela Zamandulo Ezachanekayo (Esizilibalayo Ngamanye Amaxa)

1. Ubulumko bokuqwalasela: Imibutho yamandulo yayingenazo izixhobo zesayensi, kodwa yayinikela ingqalelo kwiziphumo. “Amanzi anencasa entle akasigulisi” yayiyindlela yabo yokulawula umgangatho. Ngamanye amaxesha siyalahlekelwa bubulumko. Siyithemba ngokupheleleyo imitha yethu ye-TDS, nokuba iimvakalelo zethu zisixelela ukuba kukho into engalunganga.

2. Ukulula nokulungiswa: Iimbiza zodongwe zinokutshintshwa. Amalahle angaqokelelwa. Isanti ingahlanjwa. Iinkqubo zamandulo zokucoca amanzi zazisetyenziswa kwindawo ethile, zinokulungiswa, kwaye azifuni zixhobo zikhethekileyo. Sitshintshise ukulungiswa ukuze kube lula kwaye sagqibela ngeenkqubo ezilahlwayo xa inxalenye ye-$10 ingaphumeleli.

3. Akukho nkunkuma: Izinto eziphuma emva kokuhlanjululwa kwamandulo yayiyinkunkuma elungisiweyo (eyayinokusetyenziswa njengesichumisi) kunye namalahle asetyenzisiweyo (anokugqunywa okanye afakwe umgquba). Iinkqubo ze-RO zanamhlanje zivelisa amanzi amdaka kunye neekhatriji zesihluzo zeplastiki ezihlala kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma kangangeenkulungwane.

4. Ixabiso lomonde: Iindlela zakudala zazithatha ixesha. Amanzi ayehla ubusuku bonke. Ukuhluzwa kwesanti kwakuyinkqubo ecothayo. Ukubilisa kwakufuna amafutha. Silungiselele isantya, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kokucoca ngokupheleleyo.

Oko Sikufundileyo (Oko Babengenakukwazi)

1. Ihlabathi elingabonakaliyo: Iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, iisinyithi ezinzima, ii-VOC, ii-PFAS, amayeza. Ezi zinto zingcolisayo azibonakali emehlweni. Amanzi amandulo ayenazo, kodwa ihlabathi lamandulo lalingazi. Isayensi yethu isinika umfanekiso opheleleyo.

2. Ikhemistri yamanzi: Siyaqonda i-pH, ubulukhuni, i-alkalinity, kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kweeminerali kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo. Singakwazi ukujolisa kwiingxaki ezithile ngetekhnoloji ethile.

3. Ubungakanani bongcoliseko: Ungcoliseko lwemizi-mveliso, ukuchitheka kwamanzi kwezolimo, kunye neeplastiki ezincinci azizange zibekho mandulo. Amanzi ethu angcoliswe ngeendlela ekungekho mntu wayenokucinga ngazo kwiminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo. Sidinga izixhobo eziphambili esizenzileyo.

4. Ukubaluleka kovavanyo: Iindlela zakudala zazingumsebenzi wokuqikelela. Singavavanya amanzi ethu, sazi kakuhle ukuba yintoni na ekuwo, size sikhethe isisombululo esifanelekileyo.

Ukwenziwa: Ukuhlonipha Okudala, Ukwamkela Omtsha

Andicebisi ukuba ulahle inkqubo yakho ye-RO ngenxa yembiza yodongwe. Ukucocwa kwamanzi kwanamhlanje kusindisa ubomi. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba singafunda okuthile kubulumko bamandulo.

Nika ingqalelo kwiimvakalelo zakho. Ukuba amanzi anencasa embi, azama ukukuxelela into ethile. Musa ukuwatyeshela.

Yenza kube lula xa kunokwenzeka. Ukuba amanzi asekuhlaleni akhuselekile kwaye afuna ukuphuculwa kwencasa, isihluzo sekhabhoni esilula sanele. Awudingi nkqubo enezigaba ezilishumi elinesine.

Cinga ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokulungiswa kwayo. Khetha iinkqubo ezineendawo ezisemgangathweni nezinokutshintshwa. Ziphephe iikhatriji ezizimeleyo ezikutshixa kumenzi omnye.

Nciphisa inkunkuma. Phinda usebenzise izihluzi zakho ukuba kunokwenzeka. Faka umgquba kwikhabhoni yakho esetyenzisiweyo. Yonke into encinci inciphisa umthwalo kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma.

Yiba nomonde. Ukucoca kuthatha ixesha. Musa ukuyityhala inkqubo yakho ngaphaya kwamandla ayo.

Isiko Lasekuseni

Yonke imihla kusasa, ndigalela iglasi yamanzi kwinkqubo yam ye-RO. Yinto encinci: iglasi ecacileyo, amanzi abandayo, umzuzu wokubulela. Ndicinga ngohambo oluye lwathathwa ngamanzi—ngamanzi amdaka amandulo, ngamaziko onyango kamasipala, nangale nkqubo yam. Ndicinga ngezigidi zabantu, kumawaka eminyaka, abaye bafuna into efanayo: amanzi akhuselekileyo ukuselwa.

Itekhnoloji itshintshile. Umnqweno awutshintshanga.

Imbiza yodongwe kamakhulu indifundise into endingazange ndiyifumane kwinkqubo yam ye-RO: amanzi acocekileyo lilungelo lomntu, yimfuno yomntu, kwaye yimpumelelo yomntu. Besisebenza kuwo kangangeminyaka eliwaka. Kwaye sisasebenza.