I-Osmosis yinto apho amanzi acocekileyo aphuma kwisisombululo esinyibilikisiweyo nge-membrane engaphantsi kwamanzi ukuya kwisisombululo esingaphezulu kwamanzi. I-semi-permeable ithetha ukuba i-membrane iya kuvumela iimolekyuli ezincinci kunye nee-ion ukuba zidlule kuyo kodwa zisebenze njengomqobo kwiimolekyuli ezinkulu okanye izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo. I-Reverse Osmosis yinkqubo ye-Osmosis ngasemva. Isisombululo esingaxineneyo kangako siya kuba nomkhwa wendalo wokufudukela kwisisombululo esinoxinzelelo oluphezulu.

Isebenza njani iReverse Osmosis System?

I-reverse osmosis yinkqubo esusa ungcoliseko lwangaphandle, izinto eziqinileyo, iimolekyuli ezinkulu kunye neeminerali emanzini ngokusebenzisa uxinzelelo ukuze ludlule kwiimembranes ezikhethekileyo. Yinkqubo yokucoca amanzi esetyenziselwa ukuphucula amanzi okusela, ukupheka kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Ukuba akukho xinzelelo lwamanzi, amanzi acocekileyo (amanzi anoxinzelelo oluphantsi) acociwe yi-osmosis aya kuhamba aye emanzini anoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Amanzi atyhalwa kwi-membrane engenamanzi. Esi sihluzo se-membrane sineembobo ezininzi, ezincinci njenge-0.0001 microns, ezinokuhluza malunga ne-99% yezinto ezingcolisayo ezifana neebhaktheriya (malunga ne-1 micron), umsi wecuba (0.07 micron_, iintsholongwane (0.02-0.04 micron), njl. Kwaye ziimolekyuli zamanzi acocekileyo kuphela ezidlula kuso.

Ukucocwa kwamanzi nge-reverse osmosis kunokucoca zonke iiminerali eziluncedo ezifunekayo emizimbeni yethu, kodwa bubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo nobuqinisekisiweyo bokuvelisa amanzi acocekileyo nacocekileyo, afanelekileyo ukuselwa. Inkqubo ye-RO kufuneka ibonelele ngamanzi acocekileyo kakhulu kangangeminyaka emininzi, ukuze ukwazi ukuwasela ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.

Kutheni isihluzi se-membrane sisebenza kakuhle ekucoceni amanzi?

Ngokubanzi, izicoci zamanzi eziye zaphuhliswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zahlulwe ngokubanzi zibe yindlela yokucoca amanzi engenazo iimembrane kunye nendlela yokucoca amanzi ebuyela umva esebenzisa imembrane.

Ukucoca isihluzo esingenamaqhekeza kwenziwa kakhulu ngesihluzo sekhabhoni, esihluza kuphela incasa embi, ivumba elibi, i-chlorine, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo emanzini empompini. Uninzi lwezinto ezincinci, ezifana nezinto ezingaphiliyo, iimetali ezinzima, iikhemikhali eziphilayo kunye nee-carcinogens, azinakushenxiswa kwaye zidlule. Kwelinye icala, indlela yokucoca amanzi ye-Reverse osmosis esebenzisa i-membrane yeyona ndlela ikhethwayo kwihlabathi yokucoca amanzi kusetyenziswa i-membrane engakwazi ukungena emanzini eyenziwe yitekhnoloji yobunjineli be-polymer esemgangathweni. Yindlela yokucoca amanzi edlula kwaye yahlule kwaye isuse iiminerali ezahlukeneyo ezingaphiliyo, iimetali ezinzima, iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, iibhaktheriya, kunye nezinto ezine-radioactive eziqulethwe emanzini empompini ukuze zenze amanzi acocekileyo.

Isiphumo kukuba i-solute igcinwa kwicala elixinzelelweyo le-membrane kwaye i-solvent ecocekileyo ivunyelwe ukuba idlulele kwelinye icala. Ukuze "ikhethe", le membrane akufuneki ivumele iimolekyuli ezinkulu okanye ii-ions zidlule kwiimbobo (imingxunya), kodwa kufuneka ivumele izinto ezincinci zesisombululo (ezifana neemolekyuli ze-solvent, oko kukuthi, amanzi, i-H2O) ukuba zidlule ngokukhululekileyo.

Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi apha eCalifornia, apho ubunzima buphezulu khona emanzini empompi. Kutheni ke ungayonwabeli amanzi acocekileyo nakhuselekileyo anenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva?

Isihluzi se-R/O Membrane

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, uGqr. Sidney Loeb wase-UCLA wenza i-reverse osmosis (RO) yaba luncedo ngokuphuhlisa, kunye noSrinivasa Sourirajan, ii-anisotropic membranes ezingakwazi ukungena ngaphakathi. Ii-artificial osmosis membranes ziyilwe ngokukodwa ii-semi-permeable membranes ezineembobo ze-0.0001 microns, ubukhulu beenwele obuyi-1 yezigidi. Le membrane sisihluzo esikhethekileyo esenziwe ngobuchwepheshe bobunjineli bepolymer esingadluliyo kwiikhemikhali kunye neebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane.

Xa kufakwa uxinzelelo emanzini angcolileyo ukuze adlule kule membrane ikhethekileyo, iikhemikhali ezinobunzima obukhulu beemolekyuli, ezifana namanzi elayimu anyibilikiswe emanzini, kunye neekhemikhali ezinobunzima beemolekyuli ezininzi ezifana nelayimu, ezinyibilikiswe emanzini, zidlula kwi membrane engakwazi ukungena emanzini enamanzi acocekileyo kuphela anobunzima obuncinci beemolekyuli kunye neoksijini enyibilikisiweyo kunye neempawu zeeminerali eziphilayo. Zenzelwe ukuba zikhutshwe kwi membrane ngoxinzelelo lwamanzi amatsha angadluli kwi membrane engakwazi ukungena emanzini kwaye aqhubeke nokungena.

Isiphumo kukuba i-solute igcinwa kwicala elixinzelelweyo le-membrane kwaye i-solvent ecocekileyo ivunyelwe ukuba idlulele kwelinye icala. Ukuze "ikhethe", le membrane akufuneki ivumele iimolekyuli ezinkulu okanye ii-ions zidlule kwiimbobo (imingxunya), kodwa kufuneka ivumele izinto ezincinci zesisombululo (ezifana neemolekyuli ze-solvent, oko kukuthi, amanzi, i-H2O) ukuba zidlule ngokukhululekileyo.

Iinwebu, ezaqaliswa ngeenjongo zonyango, zenzelwe imfazwe yomkhosi okanye ukubonelela amajoni ngamanzi okusela acocekileyo, angangcoliswanga, kunye nokucoca ngakumbi umchamo we-astronaut oqokelelweyo xa kwenzeka iziganeko ezingalindelekanga ngexesha lokuhlola isibhakabhaka. Zisetyenziselwa i-aerospace yamanzi okusela, kwaye kutshanje, iinkampani ezinkulu zesiselo zisebenzisa izicoci zamanzi zoshishino ezinkulu ukuvelisa iibhotile, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicoci zamanzi zasekhaya.